Corrections, Retractions & Withdrawals

Corrections

Errors that affect interpretation, metadata, attribution, or the reliability of part of an article are corrected through a clearly labelled, permanently linked notice. Minor production errors may be corrected transparently when they do not alter the scholarly conclusions.

Retractions and expressions of concern

Retraction may be necessary when findings are unreliable because of misconduct or major error, the work is redundant or plagiarised, research was unethical, or legal requirements demand removal. When an investigation is incomplete but serious concerns exist, the journal may publish an expression of concern.

Withdrawal

Authors may request withdrawal before publication with a reasoned explanation. After publication, the permanent scholarly record is maintained through correction or retraction rather than silent removal, except where legal or safety obligations require restricted access.